Sulfur Atom

Answer to Draw the full orbital filling diagram for Sulfur, make sure you show the energy relationship between orbitals and label. The orbital diagram for sulfur has seven boxes with two arrows pointing in opposite directions and two boxes with one arrow pointing up in each.

Diagram of the nuclear composition, electron configuration, chemical data, and valence orbitals of an atom of sulfur (atomic number: 16), the most.T. Trimpe schematron.org Atomic Basics Answer Key Part A: Atomic Structure 1. Draw five protons in the nucleus of the atom. Label them with their charge. How to Make a Model of a Sulfur Atom. SAM also serves as a source of sulfur atoms in the synthesis of biotin and lipoic acid. In mammals, however, the great bulk of SAM is used in methyltransferase reactions. The key to SAM's utility as a methyl donor lies in the sulfonium ion and in the electrophilic nature of the carbon atoms that are adjacent to the sulfur atom. Your question needs a bit more information. As mentioned in the previous answer, elemental sulfur is normally found in the form of S8. That’s a ring made of 8 sulfur atoms. Jan 31, 2021 Sulfur, a chemical element with the symbol S and atomic number 16, is the tenth and fifth-most common element by mass in the universe and on the earth respectively. At normal temperature and pressure sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecule (chemical formula S8). Sulfur is a very important element in both perspectives: biological and chemical. Aug 03, 2018 Sulfur is found in meteorites and native in proximity to hot springs and volcanoes. It is found in many minerals, including galena, iron pyrite, sphalerite, stibnite, cinnabar, Epsom salts, gypsum, celestite, and barite. Sulfur also occurs in petroleum crude oil and natural gas. The Frasch process may be used to obtain sulfur commercially.

The arrows. Energy levels: 2, 8, 6 Orbitals: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 If you need to fill in the little boxes, here's one for you.

Each arrow represents one electron. Answer to Show the orbital-filling diagram for S (sulfur).

Stack the subshells in order of energy, with the lowest-energy subshell. Well, we use the aufbau principle, and for sulfur, Z=Show the orbital-filling diagram for S (sulfur).

Stack the subshells in order of energy, with the lowest-energy subshell at the bottom and the highest-energy subshell at the top. 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴. The orbital diagram for sulfur has seven boxes with two arrows pointing in opposite directions and two boxes with one arrow pointing up in each.

The arrows represent the 16 electrons of the sulfur atom, and the directions represent their spins. The boxes represent sulfur's orbitals.

Sulfur's electron configuration is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 4. Mar 23, · Show the orbital-filling diagram for (sulfur).

Stack the subshells in orderof energy, with the lowest-energy sub shell at the bottom and thehighest-energy subshell at the top. Show the orbital-filling diagram for (bromine).Status: Resolved.

Show the orbital-filling diagram for S (sulfur). Stack the subshells in order of energy, with the lowest-energy subshell at the bottom and the highest-energy subshell at the top%(15). 1.

Describe the two differences between a 2p x orbital and a 3p y orbital. The 2px orbital lies on the x-axis.

The 3py orbital lies on the y-axis and is larger than the 2px orbital. 2.

The lobes of a p orbital disappear at the nucleus. What does this tell us about electrons in p orbitals?Electron Configuration for Sulfur (S)Chemistry Problem, Please Help?!?

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The Chemistry of Oxygen and Sulfur

Oxygen is the most abundant element on this planet. The earth's crust is 46.6% oxygen by weight, the oceans are 86% oxygen by weight, and the atmosphere is 21% oxygen by volume. The name oxygen comes from the Greek stems oxys, 'acid,' and gennan, 'to form or generate.' Thus, oxygen literally means 'acid former.' This name was introduced by Lavoisier, who noticed that compounds rich in oxygen, such as SO₂ and P₄O₁₀, dissolve in water to give acids.

The electron configuration of an oxygen atom [He] 2s² 2p⁴ suggests that neutral oxygen atoms can achieve an octet of valence electrons by sharing two pairs of electrons to form an O=O double bond, as shown in the figure below.

According to this Lewis structure, all of the electrons in the O₂ molecule are paired. The compound should therefore be diamagnetic it should be repelled by a magnetic field. Experimentally, O₂ is found to be paramagnetic it is attracted to a magnetic field. This can be explained by assuming that there are two unpaired electrons in the * antibonding molecular orbitals of the O₂ molecule.

At temperatures below -183^oC, O₂ condenses to form a liquid with a characteristic light blue color that results from the absorption of light with a wavelength of 630 nm. This absorption is not seen in the gas phase and is relatively weak even in the liquid because it requires that three bodies two O₂ molecules and a photon collide simultaneously, which is a very rare phenomenon, even in the liquid phase.

The O₂ molecule is not the only elemental form of oxygen. In the presence of lightning or another source of a spark, O₂ molecules dissociate to form oxygen atoms.

These O atoms can react with O₂ molecules to form ozone, O₃,

whose Lewis structure is shown in the figure below.

Oxygen (O₂) and ozone (O₃) are examples of allotropes (from the Greek meaning 'in another manner'). By definition, allotropes are different forms of an element. Because they have different structures, allotropes have different chemical and physical properties (see table below).

Properties of Allotropes of Oxygen

Ozone is an unstable compound with a sharp, pungent odor that slowly decomposes to oxygen.

At low concentrations, ozone can be relatively pleasant. (The characteristic clean odor associated with summer thunderstorms is due to the formation of small amounts of O₃.)

Exposure to O₃ at higher concentrations leads to coughing, rapid beating of the heart, chest pain, and general body pain. At concentrations above 1 ppm, ozone is toxic.

One of the characteristic properties of ozone is its ability to absorb radiation in the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum ( > 300 nm), thereby providing a filter that protects us from exposure to high-energy ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun. We can understand the importance of this filter if we think about what happens when radiation from the sun is absorbed by our skin.

Electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible, and low-energy portions of the ultraviolet spectrum ( < 300 nm) carries enough energy to excite an electron in a molecule into a higher energy orbital. This electron eventually falls back into the orbital from which it was excited and energy is given off to the surrounding tissue in the form of heat. Anyone who has suffered from a sunburn can appreciate the painful consequences of excessive amounts of this radiation.

Radiation in the high-energy portion of the ultraviolet spectrum ( 300 nm) has a different effect when it is absorbed. This radiation carries enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules. The ions formed in these reactions have an odd number of electrons and are extremely reactive. They can cause permanent damage to the cell tissue and induce processes that eventually result in skin cancer. Relatively small amounts of this radiation can therefore have drastic effects on living tissue.

In 1974 Molina and Rowland pointed out that chlorofluorocarbons, such as CFCl₃ and CF₂Cl₂, which had been used as refrigerants and as propellants in aerosol cans, were beginning to accumulate in the atmosphere. In the stratosphere, at altitudes of 10 to 50 km above the earth's surface, chlorofluorocarbons decompose to form Cl atoms and chlorine oxides such as ClO when they absorb sunlight. Cl atoms and ClO molecules have an odd number of electrons, as shown in the figure below.

As a result, these substances are unusually reactive. In the atmosphere, they react with ozone or with the oxygen atoms that are needed to form ozone.

Molina and Rowland postulated that these substances would eventually deplete the ozone shield in the stratosphere, with dangerous implications for biological systems that would be exposed to increased levels of high-energy ultraviolet radiation.

Fluorine is the only element that is more electronegative than oxygen. As a result, oxygen gains electrons in virtually all its chemical reactions. Each O₂ molecule must gain four electrons to satisfy the octets of the two oxygen atoms without sharing electrons, as shown in the figure below.

Oxygen therefore oxidizes metals to form salts in which the oxygen atoms are formally present as O^2- ions. Rust forms, for example, when iron reacts with oxygen in the presence of water to give a salt that formally contains the Fe³⁺ and O^2- ions, with an average of three water molecules coordinated to each Fe³⁺ ions in this solid.

Oxygen also oxidizes nonmetals, such as carbon, to form covalent compounds in which the oxygen formally has an oxidation number of -2.

Oxygen is the perfect example of an oxidizing agent because it increases the oxidation state of almost any substance with which it reacts. In the course of its reactions, oxygen is reduced. The substances it reacts with are therefore reducing agents.

It takes four electrons to reduce an O₂ molecule to a pair of O^2- ions. If the reaction stops after the O₂ molecule has gained only two electrons, the O₂^2- ion shown in the figure below is produced.

This ion has two more electrons than a neutral O₂ molecule, which means that the oxygen atoms must share only a single pair of bonding electrons to achieve an octet of valence electrons. The O₂^2- ion is called the peroxide ion because compounds that contain this ion are unusually rich in oxygen. They are not just oxides they are (hy-)peroxides.

The easiest way to prepare a peroxide is to react sodium or barium metal with oxygen.

When these peroxides are allowed to react with a strong acid, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is produced.

The Lewis structure of hydrogen peroxide contains an O-O single bond, as shown in the figure below.

The VSEPR theory predicts that the geometry around each oxygen atom in H₂O₂ should be bent. But this theory cannot predict whether the four atoms should lie in the same plane or whether the molecule should be visualized as lying in two intersecting planes. The experimentally determined structure of H₂O₂ is shown in the figure below.

The H-O-O bond angle in this molecule is only slightly larger than the angle between a pair of adjacent 2p atomic orbitals on the oxygen atom, and the angle between the planes that form the molecule is slightly larger than the tetrahedral angle.

The oxidation number of the oxygen atoms in hydrogen peroxide is -1. H₂O₂ can therefore act as an oxidizing agent and capture two more electrons to form a pair of hydroxide ions, in which the oxygen has an oxidation number of -2.

Sulfur Atomic Number

Or, it can act as a reducing agent and lose a pair of electrons to form an O₂ molecule.

Reactions in which a compound simultaneously undergoes both oxidation and reduction are called disproportionation reactions. The products of the disproportionation of H₂O₂ are oxygen and water.

The disproportionation of H₂O₂ is an exothermic reaction.

This reaction is relatively slow, however, in the absence of a catalyst, such as dust or a metal surface. The principal uses of H₂O₂ revolve around its oxidizing ability. It is used in dilute (3%) solutions as a disinfectant. In more concentrated solutions (30%), it is used as a bleaching agent for hair, fur, leather, or the wood pulp used to make paper. In very concentrated solutions, H₂O₂ has been used as rocket fuel because of the ease with which it decomposes to give O₂.

Small quantities of O₂ gas can be prepared in a number of ways.

1. By decomposing a dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide with dust or a metal surface as the catalyst.

2. By reacting hydrogen peroxide with a strong oxidizing agent, such as the permanganate ion, MnO₄^-.

3. By passing an electric current through water.

4. By heating potassium chlorate (KClO₃) in the presence of a catalyst until it decomposes.

Because sulfur is directly below oxygen in the periodic table, these elements have similar electron configurations. As a result, sulfur forms many compounds that are analogs of oxygen compounds, as shown in the table below. Examples in this table show how the prefix thio- can be used to indicate compounds in which sulfur replaces an oxygen atom. The thiocyanate (SCN^-) ion, for instance, is the sulfur-containing analog of the cyanate (OCN^-) ion.

Oxygen Compounds and Their Sulfur Analogs

There are four principal differences between the chemistry of sulfur and oxygen.

1. O=O double bonds are much stronger than S=S double bonds.

2. S-S single bonds are almost twice as strong as O-O single bonds.

3. Sulfur (EN = 2.58) is much less electronegative than oxygen (EN = 3.44).

4. Sulfur can expand its valence shell to hold more than eight electrons, but oxygen cannot.

These seemingly minor differences have important consequences for the chemistry of these elements.

The radius of a sulfur atom is about 60% larger than that of an oxygen atom.

As a result, it is harder for sulfur atoms to come close enough together to form bonds. S=S double bonds are therefore much weaker than O=O double bonds.

Double bonds between sulfur and oxygen or carbon atoms can be found in compounds such as SO₂ and CS₂ (see figure below). But these double bonds are much weaker than the equivalent double bonds to oxygen atoms in O₃ or CO₂. The bond dissociation enthalpy for a C=S double bond is 477 kJ/mol, for example, whereas the bond dissociation enthalpy for a C=O double bond is 745 kJ/mol.

Elemental oxygen consists of O₂ molecules in which each atom completes its octet of valence electrons by sharing two pairs of electrons with a single neighboring atom. Because sulfur does not form strong S=S double bonds, elemental sulfur usually consists of cyclic S₈ molecules in which each atom completes its octet by forming single bonds to two neighboring atoms, as shown in the figure below.

S₈ molecules can pack to form more than one crystal. The most stable form of sulfur consists of orthorhombic crystals of S₈ molecules, which are often found near volcanoes. If these crystals are heated until they melt and the molten sulfur is then cooled, an allotrope of sulfur consisting of monoclinic crystals of S₈ molecules is formed. These monoclinic crystals slowly transform themselves into the more stable orthorhombic structure over a period of time.

The tendency of an element to form bonds to itself is called catenation (from the Latin catena, 'chain'). Because sulfur forms unusually strong S-S single bonds, it is better at catenation than any element except carbon. As a result, the orthorhombic and monoclinic forms of sulfur are not the only allotropes of the element. Allotropes of sulfur also exist that differ in the size of the molecules that form the crystal. Cyclic molecules that contain 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12 sulfur atoms are known.

Sulfur melts at 119.25^oC to form a yellow liquid that is less viscous than water. If this liquid is heated to 159^oC, it turns into a dark red liquid that cannot be poured from its container. The viscosity of this dark red liquid is 2000 times greater than that of molten sulfur because the cyclic S₈ molecules open up and link together to form long chains of as many as 100,000 sulfur atoms.

When sulfur reacts with an active metal, it can form the sulfide ion, S^2-.

This is not the only product that can be obtained, however. A variety of polysulfide ions with a charge of -2 can be produced that differ in the number of sulfur atoms in the chain.

Because sulfur is much less electronegative than oxygen, it is more likely to form compounds in which it has a positive oxidation number (see table below).

Common Oxidation Numbers for Sulfur

In theory, sulfur can react with oxygen to form either SO₂ or SO₃, whose Lewis structures are given in the figure below.

In practice, combustion of sulfur compounds gives SO₂, regardless of whether sulfur or a compound of sulfur is burned.

Sulfur Atom Model

Although the SO₂ formed in these reactions should react with O₂ to form SO₃, the rate of this reaction is very slow. The rate of the conversion of SO₂ into SO₃ can be greatly increased by adding an appropriate catalyst.

Enormous quantities of SO₂ are produced by industry each year and then converted to SO₃, which can be used to produce sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄. In theory, sulfuric acid can be made by dissolving SO₃ gas in water.

In practice, this is not convenient. Instead, SO₃ is absorbed in 98% H₂SO₄, where it reacts with the water to form additional H₂SO₄ molecules. Water is then added, as needed, to keep the concentration of this solution between 96% and 98% H₂SO₄ by weight.

Sulfuric acid is by far the most important industrial chemical. It has even been argued that there is a direct relationship between the amount of sulfuric acid a country consumes and its standard of living. More than 50% of the sulfuric acid produced each year is used to make fertilizers. The rest is used to make paper, synthetic fibers and textiles, insecticides, detergents, feed additives, dyes, drugs, antifreeze, paints and enamels, linoleum, synthetic rubber, printing inks, cellophane, photographic film, explosives, automobile batteries, and metals such as magnesium, aluminum, iron, and steel.

Sulfuric acid dissociates in water to give the HSO₄^- ion, which is known as the hydrogen sulfate, or bisulfate, ion.

10% of these hydrogen sulfate ions dissociate further to give the SO₄^2-, or sulfate, ion.

A variety of salts can be formed by replacing the H⁺ ions in sulfuric acid with positively charged ions, such as the Na⁺ or K⁺ ions.

Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water to form sulfurous acid.

Sulfurous acid doesn't dissociate in water to as great extent as sulfuric acid, but it is still possible to replace the H⁺ ions in H₂SO₃ with positive ions to form salts.

Sulfur Atomic Wt

Sulfuric acid and sulfurous acid are both examples of a class of compounds known as oxyacids, because they are literally acids that contain oxygen. Because they are negative ions (or anions) that contain oxygen, the SO₃^2- and SO₄^2- ions are known as oxyanions. The Lewis structures of some of the oxides of sulfur that form oxyacids or oxyanions are given in the table below.

One of these oxyanions deserves special mention. This ion, which is known as the thiosulfate ion, is formed by the reaction between sulfur and the sulfite (SO₃^2-) ion.

The electron configurations of oxygen and sulfur are usually written as follows.

Although this notation shows the similarity between the configurations of the two elements, it hides an important difference that allows sulfur to expand its valence shell to hold more than eight electrons.

Oxygen reacts with fluorine to form OF₂.

The reaction stops at this point because oxygen can hold only eight electrons in its valence shell, as shown in the figure below.

Sulfur reacts with fluorine to form SF₄ and SF₆, shown in the figure below, because sulfur can expand its valence shell to hold 10 or even 12 electrons.